CLR (Common Language Runtime) Virtual Machine Component of .NET

The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET framework and is responsible for managing the execution of .NET programs. In a process known as just-in-time compilation, the compiled code is converted into machine instructions that, in turn, are executed by the computer's CPU.[1] The CLR provides additional services including memory management, type safety and exception handling. All programs written for the .NET framework, regardless of programming language, are executed by the CLR. It provides exception handling, garbage collection and thread management. CLR is common to all versions of the .NET framework.









The CLR is Microsoft's implementation of the Virtual Execution System (VES) as defined in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) standard, initially developed by Microsoft itself. The Common Language Infrastructure specification is now defined by a public standard.

Versions of the Common Language Run-time

The version number of the .NET Framework doesn't necessarily correspond to the version number of the CLR it includes. The following table shows how the two version numbers correlate.

.NET Framework version	Includes CLR version
1.0	1.0
1.1	1.1
2.0	2.0
3.0	2.0
3.5	2.0
4	4
4.5 (including 4.5.1 and 4.5.2)	4

The .NET Platform programming languages — including Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, Managed Extensions for C++, and many other programming languages from various vendors — use .NET Framework services and features through a common set of unified classes. The .NET unified classes provide a consistent method of accessing the platform's functionality. If you learn to use the class library, you will find that all tasks follow the same uniform architecture. You no longer need to learn and master different API architectures to write your applications

Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic .NET is the next generation of the Visual Basic language from Microsoft. With Visual Basic you can build .NET applications, including Web services and ASP.NET Web applications, quickly and easily. Applications made with Visual Basic are built on the services of the common language runtime and take advantage of the .NET Framework.

Visual Basic has many new and improved features such as inheritance, interfaces, and overloading that make it a powerful object-oriented programming language. Other new language features include free threading and structured exception handling. Visual Basic fully integrates the .NET Framework and the common language run time, which together provide language interoperability, garbage collection, enhanced security, and improved versioning support. Visual Basic supports single inheritance and creates Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) as input to native code compilers.

Visual Basic is comparatively easy to learn and use, and Visual Basic has become the programming language of choice for hundreds of thousands of developers over the past decade. An understanding of Visual Basic can be leveraged in a variety of ways, such as writing macros in Visual Studio and providing programmability in applications such as Microsoft Excel, Access, and Word.

Visual Basic provides prototypes of some common project types, including:

• Windows Application.
• Class Library.
• Windows Control Library.
• ASP.NET Web Application.
• ASP.NET Web Service.
• Web Control Library.
• Console Application.
• Windows Service.

Visual C# .NET

Visual C# (pronounced C sharp) is designed to be a fast and easy way to create .NET applications, including Web services and ASP.NET Web applications. Applications written in Visual C# are built on the services of the common language runtime and take full advantage of the .NET Framework.

C# is a simple, elegant, type-safe, object-oriented language recently developed by Microsoft for building a wide range of applications. Anyone familiar with C and similar languages will find few problems in adapting to C#. C# is designed to bring rapid development to the C++ programmer without sacrificing the power and control that are a hallmark of C and C++. Because of this heritage, C# has a high degree of fidelity with C and C++, and developers familiar with these languages can quickly become productive in C#. C# provides intrinsic code trust mechanisms for a high level of security, garbage collection, and type safety. C# supports single inheritance and creates Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) as input to native code compilers.

C# is fully integrated with the .NET Framework and the common language runtime, which together provide language interoperability, garbage collection, enhanced security, and improved versioning support. C# simplifies and modernizes some of the more complex aspects of C and C++, notably namespaces, classes, enumerations, overloading, and structured exception handling. C# also eliminates C and C++ features such as macros, multiple inheritance, and virtual base classes. For current C++ developers, C# provides a powerful, high-productivity language alternative.

Visual C# provides prototypes of some common project types, including:

• Windows Application.
• Class Library.
• Windows Control Library.
• ASP.NET Web Application.
• ASP.NET Web Service.
• Web Control Library.
• Console Application.
• Windows Service.

Visual C++ .NET

Visual C++ .NET is the next generation of the Visual C++ language from Microsoft. Visual C++ has always been the best language for creating high-performance applications for Microsoft Windows and the World Wide Web.

Visual C++ provides a number of important libraries to help you code applications, including Active Template Library (a set of template-based C++ classes for COM objects), ATL Server Library (a set of native C++ classes for creating Web applications, Web Services, and other server applications), and Microsoft Foundation Classes (a set of classes that support an application written for the Windows API).

Visual C++ provides prototypes of some common project types, including:

• Active Template Library (ATL) Project.
• ATL Server Project.
• ATL Server Web Service.
• Custom Wizard.
• Extended Stored Procedure DLL.
• Makefile Project.
• ASP.NET Web Service
• Class Library (.NET)
• Console Application (.NET)
• Windows Control Library (.NET)
• Windows Forms Application (.NET)
• Windows Service (.NET)
• Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) ActiveX Control.
• MFC Application.
• MFC DLL.
• MFC ISAPI Extension DLL.
• Win32 Project.

Managed Extensions for C++

If you are creating a new application or component, you can use your current knowledge of C++ to write managed code with Managed Extensions for C++. When using Managed Extensions, you get the benefits of the support and services provided by the common language runtime (such as memory management, cross-language integration, code access security, and automatic lifetime control of objects).

Managed Extensions for C++ also provide a simple way to integrate existing applications into the .NET Framework. For example, maybe you need to port some unmanaged code to .NET. Because you already have previously compiled static, linked libraries, DLLs, and various unmanaged C++ classes, you can simply compile your existing Win32 code as a .NET application. Then, as time permits, you can re-engineer the components to take advantage of managed code features.

Transact-SQL

Transact-SQL is the native language for storing, modifying, and retrieving information in Microsoft SQL Server relational databases. You can also use Transact-SQL to create databases and any of the objects stored in a database, such as tables, columns, triggers, keys, indexes, views, stored procedures, and functions. Transact-SQL is fully supported in the Visual Studio editor and in the designers provided with Visual Database Tools.

Note   Visual Database Tools can also connect to an Oracle database. When you are using an Oracle database, Visual Database Tools correctly handle Oracle-specific SQL syntax. For more information.

Scripting Languages

As Internet-enabled applications have gained the technological spotlight, solutions to programming problems associated with distributed computing continue to be developed. Scripting languages, in general, are not new but some of the most useful ones are recent arrivals. With the new scripting languages you can easily run scripts on a local desktop or a remote console to handle administrative tasks and program events.

Windows Script Host

Windows Script Host (WSH) is a language-independent scripting environment for 32-bit Windows platforms. With WSH, Microsoft offers VBScript, JScript, and JScript .NET scripting engines. These scripting languages can be used in the ASP pages of a Web server, in HTML pages that run in Internet Explorer, and in Windows Script Host scripting engines on Windows 98 and Windows 2000.

WSH can automate administrative tasks on a server, using any scripting language. For example, an administrator can write VBScript to create a new virtual directory and then, with WSH working in the background, run the script file from the command line to create a new virtual directory on the Web site. In addition, administrators can write a single script to target multiple Web sites or multiple physical servers.

Third-party companies supply ActiveX scripting engines for other languages such as Perl, TCL, REXX, and Python.

VBScript

Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) is a subset of Microsoft Visual Basic — it will look very familiar to you if you have ever used Visual Basic. It is not identical, however. Because VBScript is specifically designed to work in Internet Explorer (IE) browsers, it does not include features that are normally outside the scope of scripting, such as file access and printing. However, it is common to use the FileSystem Object with VBScript to manipulate files.

VBScript brings active scripting to a wide variety of environments, including Web client scripting in IE, and Web server scripting in Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS), Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA), and Sun Solaris. VBScript is a fast, portable, interpreted, object-based scripting language that processes source code embedded directly in HTML pages. You can use VBScript to add intelligence and interactivity to WSH, ASP, and HTML pages.

Like JScript, VBScript talks to host applications using Windows Script. With Windows Script, browsers and other host applications do not require special integration code for each scripting component. Windows Script enables a host to compile scripts, obtain and call entry points, and manage the namespace available to the developer.

VBScript is a loosely typed language. Loosely typed means you do not have to declare the data types of variables explicitly. In fact, you cannot explicitly declare data types in VBScript. Moreover, in many cases VBScript performs conversions automatically when needed. For instance, if you add a number to an item consisting of text (a string), the number is converted to text.

JScript

Microsoft JScript is designed for Web page scripting. JScript conforms to the ECMA 262 language specification. JScript is a powerful scripting language specifically targeted at the Internet. Like VBScript, JScript is an interpreted, object-based scripting language that processes source code embedded directly in HTML pages. JScript runs on both Internet Explorer and Netscape browsers.

Like VBScript, JScript talks to host applications using Windows Script Host. With Windows Script Host, browsers and other host applications do not require special integration code for each scripting component. Windows Script Host enables a host to compile scripts, obtain and call entry points, and manage the namespace available to the developer.

JScript is a loosely typed language. Loosely typed means you do not have to declare the data types of variables explicitly. In fact, you cannot explicitly declare data types in JScript. Moreover, in many cases JScript performs conversions automatically when needed. For instance, if you add a number to an item consisting of text (a string), the number is converted to text.

JScript .NET

JScript .NET is the next generation of Microsoft's implementation of the ECMA 262 language, developed in conjunction with ECMAScript Edition 4. It is designed to run within the common language runtime to manage the execution of code and provide services that make the development process easier. With JScript .NET you get features such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling, enhanced security, versioning and deployment support, a simplified model for component interaction, and debugging and profiling services.

Combining the existing feature set of classic JScript (it is fully backward compatible) with the common language runtime and the best features of class-based languages, JScript .NET gives you the best of all worlds. Improvements in JScript .NET include true compiled code, typed and typeless variables, classes (with inheritance, function overloading, property accessors, and more), packages, cross-language support, and access to the .NET Framework.

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

XML provides a format for describing structured data that allows for precise declarations of content and useful search results across multiple platforms. XML defines information and data according to purpose rather than presentation so that several applications can use the information and data in ways that promote diverse application reuse and extensibility. XML is an increasingly important meta-markup language that is convenient for use on the Internet.

It is important to realize that the various members of Windows Server System support XML as a data exchange format. For example, the SQL XML feature of SQL Server 2000 makes it possible for .NET applications to get their database query results as XML documents instead of relational result sets. As an important technology in the .NET Platform, XML is enabling a new generation of client and provider Web-based services.

XML is not a replacement for HTML. Although both are markup languages, they function in a complementary manner. The strength of HTML is in displaying information whereas XML is an excellent way to describe information. XML's strength lies partly in its ability to separate the user interface from data being displayed, thus allowing the cross-platform performance noted earlier.

In distributed application architecture, XML messaging allows data to easily move through firewalls and between heterogeneous systems using standard transport mechanisms. Whatever your application requires — importing, exporting, data interchange, interoperability with other applications (such as Office 2000 or Exchange 2000), parsing, modifying, data access, data storage — XML is an easily used data exchange format. Visual Studio .NET provides some great tools for working with XML and your favorite programming language.

Visual J++

Microsoft provides the Java User Migration Path to Microsoft .NET (JUMP to .NET) as a set of technologies and services that enable programmers to preserve, enhance, and migrate Java language projects onto the Microsoft .NET Platform. With JUMP to .NET you can continue to take advantage of existing Visual J++ skills and source code while extending your application and components onto the .NET Platform. If you are familiar with the Visual J++ language, you can use it to create new .NET applications or easily migrate existing code to the new C# language using automated migration tools.

Alternative Languages

Microsoft partners with many companies to bring their languages to the .NET Platform. In addition to the languages provided by Microsoft, there are many alternative languages that target the .NET Platform, including:

• COBOL for Microsoft .NET.
• Perl for Microsoft .NET.
• Eiffel for Microsoft .NET.
• Python for Microsoft .NET.
• Pascal for Microsoft .NET.
• Mercury for Microsoft .NET.
• Mondrian for Microsoft .NET.
• Oberon for Microsoft .NET.
• Salford FTN95 (Fortran) for Microsoft .NET.
• SmallTalk for Microsoft .NET.
• Standard ML for Microsoft .NET.
• Dyalog APL for Microsoft .NET.

.NET - a framework

.NET Framework

Developer(s)	Microsoft
Initial release	13 February 2002; 12 years ago
Stable release	4.5.2 (4.5.51209.34209) / 6 May 2014; 35 days ago
Operating system	Windows 98 or later,Windows NT 4.0 or later
Type	Software framework
License	Proprietary; FCL underMicrosoft Reference Source License[1]
Website

What is. NET?

A framework in which Windows applications can be developed and operational.

I agree that the answer is I do not say this much. In order to understand. NET we must go back in time and follow the evolution of Windows and the emergence of Windows programming.

Let's see how it works and the traditional Windows program.

Windows provide programmers with different functions - called API. Starting from the first time enter the Windows commercial market to the latest version of WindowsXP, and the APIs are an essential tool to allow Windows to know what you want to do. If you want to create a dialog box should be specific API call made to you by Windows. Making button requires another API call. And the list goes on. The new interfaces appear on the watch,  and new APIs provided in Windows. But using these APIs mother was a very difficult task. Making simple window that prints "hello world" may take more than a hundred lines. Compare this to 5 lines for the "hello world" in DOS. Because of this difficulty, and the Windows programming is something best left to the experts. Microsoft's marketing and other business organization in this and realized that Visual tools that made life easy programmer. Using Visual C + +, Visual Basic, C + + and Borland like other development environments, it has become simpler to make Windows programs.

Different vendors to develop their own "layered wrap" that wrap APIs and Windows Object-Oriented manner. Classes Foundation Microsoft (MFC) which are used in Visual C + +, is an example of wrapper classes. MFC equivalent of Visual Basic is VBRUN; well as Visual J + + is the WFC. This wrapper classes, along with the tools and graphical user interface visual made very convenient to make Windows programs.

I realized that Microsoft applications need to be a powerful way to talk to each other. This led to the introduction of Object Linking and Embedding (OLE). The OLE concept very useful, but I had two major flaws: it was hard to known that the program, and it was very limited in scope - that I only did a few things like drag and drop, and sharing the clipboard, OLE client, OLE server etc.. Microsoft dealt with (or at least tried to address) of each of these problems. They upgrade to the OLE COM. COM was more capable than OLE, and introduced a new concept such as ActiveX controls, which compete directly with Java applets. As for the difficulty of programming OLE / COM; Microsoft MFC and sought care VBRUN most dirty job. Although applying ActiveX was still a little difficult in the Visual C + +, but the development of application development in the ActiveX for Visual Basic was extremely easy; became ActiveX and Visual Basic development and therefore the media before everything.

Internet revolution raises new problems and challenges. The C / C + +, which were not suitable / ready to develop sites tool of Champions. Microsoft tried to expand the MFC, and included many layers of network-oriented - like CSocket, CAsyncSocket, and several varieties of existing HTTP. These classes can be used to develop a very programmer application distribution - though not without great effort. But this was always customized applications targeting specific task. The developers to take care of the communications network gory details themselves. And object-oriented analysis and development, which now become ubiquitous. Although techniques such as remote procedure call (RPC) was a great help for programmers;, but was limited in its scope. After the programmers with development of object-oriented RPC does not help much at all; since RPC did not allow to pass objects as parameters. They were directed at the major issue before the introduction of the industry agreed standards such as CORBA, IIOP, RMI, DCOM etc. All of these standards protocol dedicated used to move an object across the network, and requires tight coupling and are between the server and the client - any client need to be fully aware of how to talk to the server. Due to a tight coupling of these protocols customer service all these efforts to deploy a large distributed applications in order to function correctly. I did eat up the sun with another layer on top of RMI - Enterprise Java beans famous (EJB). EJB container provided a lot of free services - all based on what the programmer had to do is to expand (Genetics) from the appropriate class EJB and there you have it - the distribution of the application is fully functional. EJB programmer make life very easy;, but did not eliminate the issue of coupling customer service.

While all this was happening - Microsoft still does not have writing on the wall - MICROSOFT required a radical new thing to match up to the changing times and changing requirements. Microsoft soon realized that raising the existing techniques do not work out - what is needed is a complete change in philosophy. Has been upgraded to the OLE COM - was welcomed by everyone. Then was promoted to the COM COM +. Microsoft addressed the issue of distributed programming with the introduction of DCOM. Although COM / COM + / DCOM was all good techniques of these technologies, but significant learning curve required. Sun on the other hand has been making things easier, and therefore the majority of developers are moving toward techniques and whether Java-based distributed enterprise applications.

Microsoft - after cold treatment faced by DNA - the teachers got together and asked them to reflect back on the DNA and to reach a vision for the future. This group came with a lot of new ideas and big, which made Microsoft realized that no amount of up-gradation or extension in MFC / VBRUN / WFC, COM / COM + / DCOM, ASP, etc. APIs. Would even get close to achieving this new vision. So they took a radical decision, but the right - and I had this decision to come up with something big, something new, and this is something Microsoft provides compensation lapses of them - that I was called NET Framework ..

The remainder of this article discusses a few of the key features and components. Framework NET. . NET provided after a brief in this article I will conclude by answering the million dollar question - "What is the NET.?"

This article assumes that the reader has a solid experience in programming. It also assumes some experience of Java. Although the experience of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, EJB, ActiveX, VC, VB is not required, but the existence of the preliminary knowledge of these tools appreciate the help. NET best.

Notepad++ (Source Code Editor)

Notepad++ is a free source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several languages. Running in the MS Windows environment, its use is governed by GPL Licence.
Based on a powerful editing component Scintilla, Notepad++ is written in C++ and uses pure Win32 API and STL which ensures a higher execution speed and smaller program size. By optimizing as many routines as possible without losing user friendliness, Notepad++ is trying to reduce the world carbon dioxide emissions. When using less CPU power, the PC can throttle down and reduce power consumption, resulting in a greener environment.

• Syntax Highlighting and Syntax Folding
• WYSIWYG
• User Defined Syntax Highlighting
• Auto-completion
• Multi-Document
• Multi-View
• Regular Expression Search/Replace supported
• Full Drag 'N' Drop supported
• Dynamic position of Views
• File Status Auto-detection
• Zoom in and zoom out
• Multi-Language environment supported
• Bookmark
• Brace and Indent guideline Highlighting
• Macro recording and playback

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